Bibliographic record
Abstract
Between 1914 and 1945, two world wars, an influenza pandemic, and economic collapse touched the lives of all Canadians. Each of these crises enhanced the role of the state and deepened the fault lines that bedeviled the nation. As political parties sprouted left and right to address perceived problems, it was an intensely political time, fraught with danger and potential. It was also a period in which mass consumer culture called into question old verities and made automobiles, fashions, household appliances, radios, and movies the standard-bearers of status and well-being. With no place to hide from global trends, security – economically, politically, and militarily – became the overriding obsession. DESCENT INTO THE ABYSS As a member of the British Empire, Canada was automatically at war when Great Britain declared its intention on 3 August 1914 to intervene in the madness unfolding in Europe. The assassination of Austrian Archduke Franz Ferdinand and his wife in Sarajevo by a Serb nationalist set off a chain reaction among European military alliances that drew one country after another into the conflict. In the end, Great Britain, France, and Russia – and eventually Italy, Japan, and the United States – were aligned against Germany, Austria-Hungary, and the Ottoman Empire. On 4 August, members of the Canadian House of Commons, in a rare moment of unanimity, approved the War Measures Act, giving the federal government authority to do anything deemed “necessary for the security, defence, peace, order, and welfare of Canada.”
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.006 | 0.004 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.003 | 0.002 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.002 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.027 | 0.006 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".