The Motorization of North America: causes, consequences, and speculations on possible futures
Bibliographic record
Abstract
North America is the most motorized or automobile-oriented part of the world. This is shown in Table 1 using data for vehicle registrations in several parts of the world. While Africa has a population of 46 people per registered vehicle (including trucks and buses) or 70 persons per passenger automobile, and Asia has 26 people per vehicle or 41 per passenger car, North America has reached the point of having only 1.92 people per vehicle and 2.8 people per passenger car. These figures for North America include Mexico, a country that can still be said to be in the process of developing rapidly, and which has relatively low numbers of vehicles in relation to its population. In the United States there is one vehicle per 1.32 people, including commercial vehicles or one passenger car per 1.96 people, and Canada is similar with 2.18 persons per vehicle of every type of 1.92 people per passenger car (American Automobile manufacturers Association, 1997).
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.003 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.003 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.002 | 0.003 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.002 | 0.003 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.009 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".