Bibliographic record
Abstract
During the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries, the Quakers campaigned vigorously for the abolition of slavery on both sides of the Atlantic. From the founding of the Society of Friends, members of this religious association were both highly mobile and at the forefront of expanding ‘moral knowledge.’ As such, this paper will argue that the Quakers were integral to the spread of Enlightenment ideals, sharing ideas about human rights and human nature throughout the British Empire. To support the claim that the Quakers were a necessary part of the exchange of ideas between Britain and the United States, the paper will draw upon a wealth of primary sources. This will include pamphlets and reports from meetings of the Quaker Society in London during the relevant historical period, as well as the writings of prominent Quakers like John Ady and Joseph Woods. This examination of trans-Atlantic activism for the abolition of slavery is intended to inform future discussions on the spread of Enlightenment ideas, shedding light on the sometimes over-looked contribution of the Quakers.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.005 | 0.006 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.003 | 0.005 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.004 | 0.003 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.003 |
| Research integrity | 0.003 | 0.004 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.008 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".