Practical Solutions to Protecting Extra Large Split-Phase Autotransformers
Bibliographic record
Abstract
This paper presents protection schemes for an extra large 2,000 MVA 765/345 kV split-phase autotransformer. Equipment of this size is always an integral part of a power system backbone of an interconnection, a country or a continent; and as such it should be protected applying the highest possible standards. Dedicated protection functions have been engineered and configured to cover winding, ground, bank, unit and tertiary faults. The protection system is connected to more than 50 ac signals, and is setup using numerous multi-function transformer and general-purpose microprocessor-based relays. The applied protection schemes incorporate extended supervision in order to avoid false operations that would impact power system operation and stability. The paper describes each protection function in detail including theory of operation, zones of protection, diagrams, setting recommendations, and results of simulation testing. After being fine-tuned and tested on the real time digital simulator (RTDS), the unique protection system presented in this paper is in-service for approximately one year
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.004 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".