Heterologous expression of a mammalian protein tyrosine phosphatase gene in <i>Leishmania</i>: effect on differentiation
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Leishmania is a protozoan pathogen which is transmitted to humans through the bite of an infected sandfly. This infection results in a spectrum of diseases throughout the developing world, collectively known as leishmaniasis. During its life cycle, Leishmania differentiates from the promastigote stage in the sandfly vector into the amastigote stage in the mammalian host where it multiplies exclusively in macrophage phagolysosomes. Although differentiation of Leishmania is essential for its survival and pathogenesis in the mammalian host, this process is poorly understood. In higher eukaryotic cells, protein tyrosine phosphorylation plays a central role in cell proliferation, differentiation and overall function. We have therefore investigated the role of protein tyrosine phosphorylation in Leishmania differentiation by undertaking complementary approaches to mediate protein tyrosine dephosphorylation in vivo. In the present study, L. donovani were engineered to express a mammalian protein tyrosine phosphatase, or were treated with inhibitors of protein tyrosine kinases, and the resulting phenotype was examined. Both approaches resulted in a partial differentiation from promastigotes to amastigotes including the expression of the amastigote specific A2 protein, morphological change and increased virulence. These data provide support for the involvement of tyrosine phosphorylation in the differentiation of Leishmania.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".