Sejarah Penglibatan Orang Sikh dalam Pasukan Constabulari Bersenjata Borneo Utara, 1882-1949 dan Kesan Terhadap Identiti
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Majority of the Sikhs who migrated to Malaya and North Borneo (Sabah) were involved in security services as police, army and even security guard. This article discusses the history of the Sikhs in the armed forces since Syarikat Berpiagam Borneo Utara British established the Armed Constabulary in North Borneo in 1882. Their role is significant to saveguard the British colonial interest in the region. It has remained unclear until recently why the British had selected this Sikhs and not other ethnic groups as part of the armed forces. The article highlights that British trusted the Sikhs as they were viewed as the martial race in British Empire in India, Canada, Fiji, Burma, Hong Kong, New Zealand and Australia. The remaining part of the article then discusses the contribution of the Sikhs to the security forces in North Borneo.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.005 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".