Bibliographic record
Abstract
Together, muscles and bones confer structure and the capacity for motion to the body. Any analysis of locomotion (Ch. 10) must therefore have as a basis an understanding of muscle and bone mechanics. There are three types of muscle, each having particular characteristics. Skeletal muscle. Skeletal muscles comprise 40 to 45% of total body weight. They are usually attached to bones via tendons, are responsible for locomotion and body motion, and are usually under voluntary control. Smooth muscle. Smooth muscle is typically found surrounding the lumen of “tubes” within the body, such as blood vessels, the urinary tract, and the gastrointestinal tract. Smooth muscle is responsible for controlling the caliber (size) of the lumen and also for generating peristaltic waves (e.g., in the gastrointestinal tract). Control of smooth muscle is largely involuntary. Cardiac muscle. Cardiac muscle makes up the major bulk of the heart mass and is sufficiently unique to be considered a different muscle type. It is under involuntary control. In this chapter we will concentrate on skeletal muscle only. There are three types of skeletal muscle, classified according to how the muscles produce ATP, which is used during the contraction process. The two basic ATP-production strategies are: Aerobic. In aerobic respiration, ATP is produced by the breakdown of precursors in the presence of O 2 . This is a high efficiency pathway but cannot proceed if O 2 is not present. Anaerobic. In anaerobic respiration (also known as glycolysis), ATP is produced without O 2 present. This pathway is less efficient than aerobic respiration and produces the undesirable by-product lactic acid . Accumulation of lactic acid in muscle tissue produces the characteristic ache that follows too strenuous a workout.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.004 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.003 | 0.003 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.029 | 0.010 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".