Caffeine's impairment of insulin‐mediated glucose disposal cannot be solely attributed to adrenaline in humans
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Caffeine (CAF) impedes insulin-mediated glucose disposal (IMGD) and increases plasma adrenaline concentrations ([ADR]; 0.6 nm). While the antagonism of ADR abolishes the CAF effect, infusion of ADR (0.75 nm) has no effect on IMGD. We have now examined CAF and ADR in concert to determine whether or not they elicit an additive response on IMGD. We hypothesized that CAF + ADR would elicit a greater effect than either CAF or ADR alone (i.e. that CAF effects would not be solely attributed to ADR). Subjects (n = 8) completed four trials in a randomized manner. An isoglycaemic-hyperinsulinaemic clamp was performed 30 min after the following treatments were administered: (1) placebo capsules and saline infusion ([ADR] = 0.29 nm) (PL trial), (2) CAF capsules (dose = 5 mg kg(-1)) and saline infusion ([ADR] = 0.62 nm) (CAF trial), (3) PL capsules and ADR infusion ([ADR] = 1.19 nm) (ADR trial), and (4) CAF capsules (dose = 5 mg kg(-1)) and ADR infusion ([ADR] = 0.93 nm) (CAF + ADR trial). As expected, CAF, ADR and CAF + ADR decreased (P <or= 0.05) IMGD compared to PL. CAF + ADR resulted in a more pronounced decrease in IMGD versus PL (42%) compared to CAF (26%) or ADR (24%) alone; however, the effect was not fully additive (P = 0.08). Furthermore, CAF decreased IMGD to a similar magnitude as ADR despite a 50% lower [ADR]. In summary, while ADR contributes to the CAF-induced impairment in IMGD, it is not solely responsible for caffeine's effects.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".