The privatization of health and the defense of the public system in Quebec, Canada
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The Canadian health care system – known as “Medicare” or “Assurance-maladie” in Quebec – was created to ensure Canadians free access to health care services and medications. The health system is both publicly funded and administered. It has been built on five principles laid out in the Canada Health Act (1984); these are: Public Administration, Comprehensiveness, Universality, Portability, and Accessibility. In sum, the right to health has been at the organizational core of the Canadian health system. Provinces and territories administer and deliver most of the health services in Canada. This is done through provincial and territorial health insurance plans which are required to follow the national principles set out in the Canada Health Act. Since its creation, the Canadian health care system has undergone important changes and reforms. However, until a few years ago each major reform of the system retained the principles of justice and equity as core values. Quebec adopted the Health and Social Services Act in December 1971. The Quebec health care system was established with a mandate to maintain, improve, and restore the health and well-being of the entire Quebec population, making health and social services accessible to all. Health and social services in Quebec are administered jointly. This specificity, which has been adopted by other health care systems, has the advantage of allowing a comprehensive response to the health and social needs of the population. Since the 80s there has been a worldwide trend towards the privatization of public services. In order to describe developments in the Quebec health care system, we interviewed Dr Marie-Claude Goulet (M-CG), chair of the organization Médecins québécois pour le régime public (MQRP) [Quebec Physicians for a Public System] , an organization campaigning against the commercialization of health care in Quebec. The MQRP is an umbrella organization made up of various groups from Quebec province; it is part of the larger Canadian Doctors for Medicare (CDM) network. CDM was created in May of 2006 because of physician concerns about the trend towards privatization of the country’s health care services. As a member of ALAMES North America, I was interested in hearing the perspective of a Latin American working in the Quebec health care system. How did the experience of privatization in a Latin American country compare to what is currently taking place in Quebec? To this end I interviewed Dr Fernando Álvarez (FA), an Argentinian pediatrician who had worked in the Children’s Hospital in Buenos Aires. For the past 18 years he has been part of the Quebec health system and is currently head of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition services at Montreal University’s Sainte-Justine Hospital.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.002 | 0.005 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.003 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.015 | 0.007 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.007 | 0.002 |
| Open science | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Research integrity | 0.003 | 0.003 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.011 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".