Image processing algorithms for real-time tracking and control of an active catheter
Bibliographic record
Abstract
In this paper, we investigate vision-based robot-assisted active catheter insertion. A map of the vessels is extracted using image processing techniques and the locations of the junctions of the blood vessels are detected. The desired path of the catheter and the target is selected by the user/clinician. The tip of the catheter is tracked in real-time and the robot and the active catheter are controlled based on the position of the catheter inside the vessels. The active catheter is commanded by an autonomous guidance algorithm to bend in the appropriate direction at the branches. The stroke length for the robotic insertion is controlled by the autonomous guidance algorithm to ensure smooth motion of the catheter inside arteries. A PI controller has been implemented to overcome flexing in the catheter and maintain smooth motion. The catheter is autonomously guided from the point of entry to the target via appropriate commands, thereby shielding the surgeon from radiation exposure due to the X-rays in X-ray fluoroscopy and relieving him/her of stress and fatigue. Experimental results for the insertion algorithms are shown using a laboratory testbed.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".