Mitigation of transformer inrush current associated with DER facilities connected on the distribution grid
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Integration of Distributed Energy Resources (DER) to the distribution system brings technical challenges due to the inrush current resulting from the energization of power transformer. Besides impacting power quality, transients may cause undesired protection tripping. This paper compares different techniques used to mitigate these transients. It also presents results from research carried out on Hydro-Québec Research Institute's distribution test line (IREQ). Outcomes of additional tests using Gang Operated (GO) circuit breakers (CB) and Controlled Switching Device (CSD) are also presented. This approach solves the problem of the re-energization of a windmill on a live windfarm, in order to minimize transients and sympathetic interactions between the transformers in the DER facility. Since the CS solution virtually does not require any installation footprint, it has the advantage of being easily adapted to the existing switchgear designs integrated at the base of the wind towers.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".