The effects of the 2002 Manchester Commonwealth Games on socio-economic conditions, housing regeneration and the provision of new sports facilities in East Manchester
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The XVII Commonwealth Games held in Manchester 2002 was the largest sporting occasion held in the UK since the 1948 Olympics. It acted as a catalyst a great deal of physical regeneration and economic investment, both in East Manchester (the prime location of the event), and the rest of the city. Qualitative and quantitative data shows that from a city historically high in deprivation and disadvantage, Manchester has become an 'entrepreneurial' city; a prosperous location for living and investing. This study uses indices of deprivation to measure socio-economic change in East Manchester, in the period leading up to, and after the 2002 Commonwealth Games. It finds little change in the phase preceding the event, but a greater deal of relative transformation after it. The study is also concerned with the provision of sports facilities, and their effect at encouraging sport participation. As well as the indisputable personal health benefits, it is suggested that involvement in sport can be intangible to the reduction of social problems, and an important factor in strengthening communities. The study also affords some attention to the broad image and economic benefits of hosting the Games, applying them to previous theories.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.002 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".