Calcium Indicators Based on Calmodulin-Fluorescent Protein Fusions
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Calmodulin (CaM) is an ubiquitous protein involved in Ca2+-mediated signal transduction. On Ca2+ influx, CaM acquires a strong affinity to various cellular proteins with one or more CaM recognition sequences, resulting in the onset or termination of Ca2+-regulated cascades. Through nuclear magnetic resonance and crystallographic structural studies of these Ca2+-CaM complexes, we have gained a deep understanding of CaM target recognition mechanisms. One immediate application is the creation of protein-based Ca2+ sensors using CaM complexes and green fluorescent proteins, previously named "chameleon." The major advantage of chameleons is that they can be expressed in single cells and targeted to the specific organelles or tissues to measure localized Ca2+ changes. This chapter describes the methods involved in cloning chameleons, characterizing their biochemical and biophysical properties, and imaging them in single cells using a digital fluorescence microscope.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".