Calcium Indicators Based on Calmodulin-Fluorescent Protein Fusions
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Calmodulin (CaM) is an ubiquitous protein involved in Ca2+-mediated signal transduction. On Ca2+ influx, CaM acquires a strong affinity to various cellular proteins with one or more CaM recognition sequences, resulting in the onset or termination of Ca2+-regulated cascades. Through nuclear magnetic resonance and crystallographic structural studies of these Ca2+-CaM complexes, we have gained a deep understanding of CaM target recognition mechanisms. One immediate application is the creation of protein-based Ca2+ sensors using CaM complexes and green fluorescent proteins, previously named "chameleon." The major advantage of chameleons is that they can be expressed in single cells and targeted to the specific organelles or tissues to measure localized Ca2+ changes. This chapter describes the methods involved in cloning chameleons, characterizing their biochemical and biophysical properties, and imaging them in single cells using a digital fluorescence microscope.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".