The Folk Music of Anglophone New Brunswick: Old-Time and Country Music in the Twentieth Century
Bibliographic record
Abstract
This article, which calls for a flexible and broad understanding of folk music, examines the role of old-time and country music in twentieth-century New Brunswick. Old-time music was primarily for dancing and its chief instrument was the fiddle. In the 1920s and 1930s hillbilly and cowboy music, with an emphasis on songs, began to dovetail with old-time music. Old-time and country music became closely embedded in rural and small-town New Brunswick. This paper argues that these musical forms, despite their commercial origins and dissemination via technology such as recordings, radio, and motion pictures, constituted a de facto folk music for the anglophone populations of the province. Resume Cet article, qui necessite une connaissance souple et elargie de la musique folklorique, passe en revue la musique d’antan et country dans le Nouveau-Brunswick du 20 e siecle. La musique d’antan en etait une principalement pour la danse, et son principal instrument etait le violon. Dans les annees 1920 et 1930, la musique genre western, centree sur les chansons, a commence a s’imbriquer avec la musique d’antan. Ces deux musiques sont devenues etroitement liees dans la campagne et les petites villes du Nouveau-Brunswick. Cet article souligne que ces formes musicales, malgre leur origine commerciale et leur diffusion par la technologie, au moyen d’enregistrements, de la radio et du cinema, constituent une musique folklorique de fait pour la population anglophone de la province.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.003 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.005 | 0.003 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.003 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.005 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".