First estimates of the contribution of CaCO<sub>3</sub>precipitation to the release of CO<sub>2</sub>to the atmosphere during young sea ice growth
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract We report measurements of pH, total alkalinity, air‐ice CO 2 fluxes (chamber method), and CaCO 3 content of frost flowers (FF) and thin landfast sea ice. As the temperature decreases, concentration of solutes in the brine skim increases. Along this gradual concentration process, some salts reach their solubility threshold and start precipitating. The precipitation of ikaite (CaCO 3 .6H 2 O) was confirmed in the FF and throughout the ice by Raman spectroscopy and X‐ray analysis. The amount of ikaite precipitated was estimated to be 25 µmol kg −1 melted FF, in the FF and is shown to decrease from 19 to 15 µmol kg −1 melted ice in the upper part and at the bottom of the ice, respectively. CO 2 release due to precipitation of CaCO 3 is estimated to be 50 µmol kg −1 melted samples. The dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) normalized to a salinity of 10 exhibits significant depletion in the upper layer of the ice and in the FF. This DIC loss is estimated to be 2069 µmol kg −1 melted sample and corresponds to a CO 2 release from the ice to the atmosphere ranging from 20 to 40 mmol m −2 d −1 . This estimate is consistent with flux measurements of air‐ice CO 2 exchange. Our measurements confirm previous laboratory findings that growing young sea ice acts as a source of CO 2 to the atmosphere. CaCO 3 precipitation during early ice growth appears to promote the release of CO 2 to the atmosphere; however, its contribution to the overall release by newly formed ice is most likely minor.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".