Eye-flukes of the genus Philophthalmus Looss, 1899 (Trematoda: Philophthalmidae) occurring in Philippine birds with description of a new species
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Two hundred and fifteen birds consisting of five species, representing five genera and two families were examined for eye-flukes. Flukes were recovered in 19 or 8.8% of the birds examined. Flukes were processed in ethyl alcohol, stained in borax-carmine, cleared in terpineol and mounted in Canada balsam for microscopic examination. The syntypes of Philophthalmus palpebrarum Looss, 1899 and P. nocturnus Looss, 1907 were examined for comparative purposes. Additional undetermined three specimens of Philophthalmus in the Parasite Collection, CVM-UPLB were also studied. Three species all belonging to the genus Philophthalmus Looss, 1899 were identified in the present collection. These species and there hosts are: P. palpebrarum Looss, 1899 from Dendrocygna arcuata arcuata (Horsfield, 1824) (wandering whistling-duck) and Gallirallus philippensis philippensis (Linnaeus, 1766) (buffbanded rail), P. gralli Mathis & Ledger, 1910 from Anas platyrhynchos Linnaeus, 1758 (Philippine domesticated mallard) and Gallus gallus domesticus (Linnaeus, 1758) (domestic chicken), and P. luzonensis n.sp. from Amaurornis olivaceus olivaceus (Meyen, 1834) (plain bush-hen) and Gallinula chloropus lozanoi Lletget, 1918 (common moorhen). These are all described and illustrated with drawings and photomicrographs based on the Philippine materials. P. palpebrarum is reported for the first time in the country constituting a new locality record for the species. P. rizalensis Tubangui, 1923 is considered a junior synonym of P. gralli. The new species, P. luzonensis, is characterized by a body with nearly parallel sides except at the acetabular region which is bulging laterally and where the greatest width is attained; the relatively large suckers in relation to body length, cirrus sac reaching posteriorly only middle of acetabulum but not beyond it and a tubular vitellaria. It is differentiated from the closely related species P. coturnicola Gvosdev, 1953. The public health importance of some members of the genus causing human infections is also discussed. Keywords: Eye-flukes, Philophthalmus palpebrarum, P. gralli, P. luzonensis, Philippine birds
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".