Proton modulation of ion channels in isolated horizontal cells of the goldfish retina
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Transient changes in extracellular pH (pH(o)) occur in the retina and may have profound effects on neurotransmission and visual processing due to the pH sensitivity of ion channels. The present study characterized the effects of acidification on the activity of membrane ion channels in isolated horizontal cells (HCs) of the goldfish retina using whole-cell patch-clamp recording. Currents recorded from HCs were characterized by prominent inward rectification at potentials negative to -80 mV, a negative slope conductance between -70 and -40 mV, a sustained inward current, and outward rectification positive to 40 mV. Inward currents were identified as those of inward rectifier K(+) (Kir) channels and Ca(2+) channels by their sensitivity to 10 mM Cs(+) or 20 microm Cd(2+), respectively. Both of these currents were reduced when pH(o) decreased from 7.8 to 6.8. Glutamate (1 mM)-activated currents were also identified, as were hemichannel currents that were enhanced by removal of extracellular Ca(2+) and application of 1 mM quinidine. Both glutamate-activated and hemichannel currents were suppressed by a similar reduction of pH(o). When all of these H(+)-inhibited currents were blocked, a small, sustained inward current at -60 mV increased following a decrease in pH(o) from 7.8 to 6.8. In addition, slope conductance between -70 and -20 mV increased during this acidification. Suppression of this H(+)-activated current by removal of extracellular Na(+), and an extrapolated E(rev) near E(Na), indicated that this current was carried predominantly by Na(+) ions.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".