Quantification of Redox Conditions in the Nucleus
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Many nuclear proteins contain thiols, which undergo reversible oxidation and are critical for normal function. These proteins include enzymes, transport machinery, structural proteins, and transcription factors with conserved cysteine in zinc fingers and DNA-binding domains. Uncontrolled oxidation of these thiols causes dysfunction, and two major thiol-dependent antioxidant systems provided protection. The redox states of these systems, including the small redox active protein thioredoxin-1 (Trx1) and the abundant, low molecular weight thiol antioxidant glutathione (GSH), in nuclei provide means to quantify nuclear redox conditions. Redox measurements are obtained under conditions with excess thiol-reactive reagents. Here we describe a suite of methods to measure nuclear redox state, which include a redox Western blot technique to quantify the redox state of Trxl, a biotinylated iodoacetamide (BIAM) method for thioredoxin reductase-1 (TrxR1), GSH redox measurement using total protein S-glutathionylation, and a redox isotope-coded affinity tag (ICAT) method for measuring oxidation of specific cysteines in high-abundance nuclear proteins.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".