Bibliographic record
Abstract
OVERVIEW OF GEOGRAPHY, POPULATION, LAND AND WATER GEOGRAPHY Canada covers an area of about 9 984 670 km 2 , consisting of 9 093 507 km 2 of land and 891 163 km 2 of freshwater lakes. It is the second largest country in the world after Russia and covers more than half of the North American continent. It extends from the Atlantic Ocean to the Pacific Ocean and from the northern boundary of the United States to the Polar Regions. Canada is a federation of 10 provinces and three territories. Seven physiographic regions are distinguishable in Canada (Figure 12.1). These regions are (Bone, 2002): Canadian Shield is the largest region and covers about half the total area of Canada. It forms an incomplete ring around Hudson Bay and consists of Precambrian volcanic rocks of 3500 million to 600 million years old. Originally, it was the site of high mountain ranges, which have since been eroded over geological time. It consists mainly of a rugged, rolling upland. Cordillera is a complex region of mountains, plateaus, and valleys. It is a young geological structure, which was formed 40 to 80 million years ago. The Rocky Mountains are the best-known mountain ranges of Cordillera, which have elevations between 3000 m to 4000 m. Interior Plains is a northward extension of the Great Plains of the United States. The oldest sedimentary rocks of the region were formed about 500 million years ago. Since then, other sedimentary layers have been deposited on top of them. […]
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.004 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.006 | 0.002 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.003 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.020 | 0.002 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".