Bibliographic record
Abstract
The ‘notwithstanding clause’ Section 33 of the Canadian Charter of Rights famously provides that Canadian legislation ‘may expressly declare … that the Act or a provision thereof shall operate notwithstanding a provision included in section 2 or sections 7 to 15 of this Charter’. This ‘notwithstanding’ or ‘override’ clause enables legislatures to override those specified sections of the Charter, and the rights they protect, although only for renewable five-year periods. Section 33 is said to have been ‘included in the Charter for the very purpose of preserving parliamentary sovereignty on rights issues’. But this exaggerates its effect. It is limited in scope, and by no means preserves the law-making powers previously enjoyed by Canadian parliaments. It does not authorise the amendment or repeal of any provisions of the Charter; it does not authorise the override of all Charter rights; and it authorises override only for five-year periods. Many supporters of the Charter have strongly criticised s. 33 on the predictable ground that it is incompatible with the main purpose of constitutionally entrenching rights. As they see it, that purpose is to protect rights from being overridden by legislation – in other words, to prevent precisely what s. 33 expressly permits. On their view, what the Charter purports to grant with one hand, it takes away with the other.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.012 | 0.027 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.007 | 0.019 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.008 | 0.004 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.003 |
| Research integrity | 0.004 | 0.005 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.005 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".