Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract The malting process consists of three key steps: steeping, whereby barley is moistened to about 45% moisture; germination, wherein rootlets (sprouts) and a stem (acrospire) emerge while enzymes are formed which alter the cellular structure and composition; and kilning, where barley is dried to preserve enzyme activity and to impart flavor. Nearly all of the malt produced is used to make beer. Barley is grown in Minnesota, North and South Dakota, Montana, and other western States. Barley varieties are developed specifically for good malting and brewing traits. Less than 50% of the U.S. barley crop is converted into malt. World malt production in 1992 was approximately 13 million metric tons and was growing at 3% per year; 1992 U.S. production was 2.2 million tons, with stagnant growth during the last few years. Large U.S. and Canadian producers are Ladish (Cargill), Anheuser Busch, Canada and Great Western Malting Companies, Rahr, Froedert (Grand Malteries Modern‐France), and Fleischmann‐Kurth (ADM). There is excess malting capacity, resulting in low margin commodity pricing. Production costs are approximately $225/t.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.004 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.002 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.071 | 0.014 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".