Effect of chronic treadmill running on apoptotic protein expression in soleus muscle of normotensive and hypertensive rats
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Augmented apoptotic signaling in skeletal muscle has been well documented in several conditions including aging, chronic heart failure, disuse, and neuromuscular disorders. Recently, we have found increased DNA fragmentation and altered apoptotic protein levels in skeletal muscle of spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) relative to normotensive controls (WKY). Current evidence suggests that exercise may alter apoptosis‐related proteins in skeletal muscle; however, the effect of exercise on skeletal muscle apoptosis in hypertensive animals is unclear. Male WKY (n=24) and SHR (n=24) rats were assigned to a sedentary (SED) condition or exercise (EX) consisting of progressive treadmill running 5 days/wk for 6 wks. Compared to WKY controls, soleus muscle of SHR had decreased anti‐apoptotic Bcl‐2, XIAP and ARC protein levels as well as elevated pro‐apoptotic caspase 3 activity. Further, the levels of Bcl‐2, MnSOD and Hsp70 protein in soleus muscle were significantly elevated following EX compared to the SED condition. In contrast, EX training had no effect on ARC, XIAP and CuZnSOD protein levels as well as caspase 3 activity. These results suggest that exercise can alter the expression of several proteins which may provide protection against skeletal muscle apoptosis in both SHR and WKY rats; however, exercise may not influence caspase signaling. Research supported by the Heart and Stroke Foundation of Ontario.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".