Bibliographic record
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The heart of the detonation phenomenon is the structure where the detailed ignition and combustion processes take place. The Chapman–Jouguet (CJ) theory does not require any knowledge of the structure, as it is based on steady one-dimensional flow across the transition zone with equilibrium conditions on both sides. The CJ theory also assumes that the flow within the reaction zone itself is one-dimensional and steady. The details of the transition zone are provided by the Zeldovich–von Neumann–Döring (ZND) model for the detonation structure. The ZND model is explicitly based on a steady planar structure and is therefore compatible with the one-dimensional gasdynamic CJ theory. The excellent agreement between experimental values of the detonation velocity and the theoretical predictions from the CJ theory fortuitously confirm the validity of the steady one-dimensional assumption of the CJ theory and also, implicitly, the ZND model for the detonation structure. Early experimental diagnostics lacked the resolution to disprove the steady one-dimensional ZND structure. The state of detonation theory in the early 1960s was best summarized in a remark by Fay (1962): “… the peculiar disadvantage of detonation research is that it was too successful at too early a date. The quantitative explanation of the velocity of such waves by Chapman and Jouguet has perhaps intimidated further enquiry.” However, it was during the late 1950s and early 1960s when overwhelming experimental evidence was produced to show that the detonation structure is neither steady nor one-dimensional.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.004 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".