Converging at the Bottom of the Income Distribution? Assimilation of Immigrant Cohorts over Time
Bibliographic record
Abstract
This paper uses a poverty intensity measure to provide additional empirical evidence on the assimilation of immigrant cohorts over time in Canada. This method is used because a reliable, and conservative, indicator of the poor integration of immigrants is the disproportional, prolonged poverty in these immigrant cohorts. The Sen index of poverty intensity captures incidence, depth, and equality of poverty and permits subgroup decomposition and therefore is a good choice. The immigrant cohorts, who arrived before 1946, from 1946 to 1955, from 1956 to 1965, from 1966 to 1970, from 1971 to 1975, from 1976 to 1980, from 1981 to 1985, and from 1986 to 1997, are examined with reference to the native-born population. The empirical results show that the convergence appeared to be stronger for the earlier immigrant cohorts in Canada but it was markedly slower for the 1981--1985 and 1986-1997 immigrant cohorts during the period of 1986--1997.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.006 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".