Comparison of the effective dipole method for the computation of the torque with the Maxwell's stress tensor method in non-lossy systems
Bibliographic record
Abstract
In all experiments that involve electrorotation the motion of the cells is a direct result of the torque that is exerted upon them by the field. As a consequence of this the theoretical study of the origin of the torque has been of some interest. Two methods of calculating the torque have evolved: (1) an effective dipole moment induced on the cell by the external electromagnetic field is first computed and then the torque exerted on this by the latter is calculated by using standard formulae from classical mechanics; and (2) the force per unit area exerted on the surface of the cell by the electromagnetic field is calculated by using Maxwell's stress tensor. and from this the torque is obtained by taking a vector cross product with the radius vector followed by an integration over the entire surface of the cell. In this study. the torque experienced by an ellipsoidal cell in a rotating frequency-independent electrical field is calculated by using the Maxwell stress tensor approach, and the limits under which this result yields the torque, commonly computed from an effective dipole moment method, are examined. The applied electrical field is taken to be independent of the frequency in order to ensure that complications due to energy dissipation are eliminated and a simple comparison of the two methods is made possible.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".