“The Glands of Destiny:” Hygiene, Hormones and English Women Doctors in the First Half of the 20th Century
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Members of the English Medical Women's Federation, founded in 1917, were at the forefront of research into menstruation and menopause in the interwar years. As new hormonal understandings of the menstrual cycle emerged, women doctors and international sanitary product companies sought to educate women about their changing bodies and to reconfigure menstruation and menopause as minor events in women's lives which in no way inhibited their activities. Changing educational and employment patterns of women meant that both events, once managed in the context of the home, were increasingly managed in a public context. As knowledge of hormones increased, menopause was described as a deficiency disease which could be treated by hormone therapy. Just as one set of gendered assumptions about health, to do with menstrual disability, faded from view, medical women were exposed to another, the idea that estrogens were constitutive of femininity.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.002 | 0.003 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.009 | 0.020 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.004 | 0.003 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.002 |
| Research integrity | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".