Mechanisms of Phosphorus Removal in a Pilot-Scale Constructed Wetland/BOF Slag Wastewater Treatment System
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
Removal of PO4-P, NH3-N, cBOD5, chemical oxygen demand (COD), Escherichia coli, and total coliforms in a pilot-scale hybrid constructed wetland (CW) wastewater treatment system was evaluated. Wastewater was sequentially passed through a mixing cell, an aerobic treatment cell, a P treatment cell that contained basic oxygen furnace slag (BOFS), and an anaerobic treatment cell. The system operated for 8 months at an average flow rate of 68 L/day. Mean influent concentrations of PO4-P, NH3-N, cBOD5, and COD were 7, 25, 27, and 60 mg/L, respectively, and mean influent levels of E. coli and total coliforms were 104 and 105 CFU 100 mL−1. Effluent from the system had 95–99% lower concentrations of PO4-P, NH3-N, cBOD5, E. coli, and total coliforms, and a 72% lower concentration of COD, compared to influent values. Backscatter scanning electron imaging coupled with energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) spectra and elemental maps, along with Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectra, showed that P was present on the outer layer of the spent BOFS material. Occurrence of calcium-carbonate and phosphate minerals also was indicated through FTIR analysis. X-ray absorption near edge structure (XANES) spectra of samples from the treatment system was consistent with the presence of phosphate adsorbed on calcite, hydroxyapatite, and α-tricalcium phosphate. High pH (11.66±0.70) of pore water in the BOFS cell resulted in inactivation of pathogens. The wastewater pH was subsequently neutralized by sparging CO2(g) before being introduced to the final anaerobic cell.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it