“Take this Normal Class Idea and Carry it throughout the Land”: Sunday School Teacher Training in Late Nineteenth-Century Ontario
Bibliographic record
Abstract
AbstractBy 1874, the interdenominational Protestant Sunday school community in Ontario was wellestablished, with over 4,000 schools and 34,000 teachers connected through the SabbathSchool Association of Canada. From private prayer to centralized normal schools with qualifyingexaminations, various approaches to teacher education were debated and practiced withinthe Sunday school community. This paper traces the increasingly formal training that Sundayschool teachers underwent over the last half of the nineteenth century. This analysis highlightshow Sunday schools across Ontario continued to be directed by their workers at the locallevel, even as there was increasing centralization and standardization over the last half of thenineteenth century. It also suggests that the adult education provided within this communityextended well beyond the Sunday school classroom.RésuméEn 1874, le réseau des écoles du dimanche interconfessionnelles protestantes étaient bien établiesen Ontario avec plus de 4 000 écoles et 34 000 enseignants réunis au sein de la SabbathSchool Association of Canada. De la prière en privé aux examens de qualification des écolesnormales centralisées, diverses approches de formation en enseignement étaient discutées etmises en pratique dans la communauté des écoles du dimanche. Cet article retrace la formationde plus en plus standardisée dispensée aux enseignants des écoles du dimanche durant la secondemoitié du 19e siècle. Notre analyse souligne que les écoles du dimanche étaient toujoursdirigées par des travailleurs locaux, malgré les processus de standardisation et de centralisationdurant cette période. Nous affirmons également que l’éducation aux adultes dispensée danscette communauté continuait bien au-delà de la salle de classe de l’école du dimanche
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.015 | 0.007 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.003 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.006 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".