Description of GSM enhanced full rate speech codec
Why this work is in the frame
A frame that forgets how it found something cannot be audited. These are the routes that admitted this work.
Bibliographic record
Abstract
This paper describes the enhanced full rate (EFR) speech codec that has been standardized by ETSI for the GSM mobile communications system in 1996. The codec was developed jointly by Nokia and the University of Sherbrooke. It operates at 12.2 kbit/s speech coding (source coding) bit-rate and provides speech quality equivalent to that of wireline telephony (G.726 32 kbit/s ADPCM). The algorithm is based on the algebraic code-excited linear prediction (ACELP) technology, using 20 ms speech frames. The GSM EFR speech codec provides substantial quality improvement compared to the current GSM full rate (FR) and half rate (HR) codecs. The old GSM codecs lag far behind wireline quality even in error-free conditions, while the EFR codec provides wireline quality also for the most typical error conditions. With the EFR codec, wireline quality is also sustained in the presence of background noise and in tandem connections (mobile-to-mobile calls). The codec was defined using fixed-point basic operators with complexity estimated at 18 WMOPS (below that of the GSM half-rate codec).
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it