Fecal Coliforms and Total Coliforms Removal in Water Using Radio-Frequency (RF) Plasma System
Bibliographic record
Abstract
A radio-frequency plasma system (RF) was used to investigate the removal of microorganisms from water.Plasma generated by RF radiation can produce active compounds (H•, •OH, H2O2, O3, etc.) that have a highoxidation potential and can kill microorganisms present in water (fecal coliforms and total coliforms). Thefrequency of the plasma system was set to 3.0, 3.3 and 3.7 MHz and applied to river water for 60 minutes. Theresults show that in all runs, the pH of the water produced was in the range from 7.4 to 7.9. The removalefficiencies of fecal coliforms achieved were between 83.75 and 95% and were higher than the removalefficiencies of total coliforms, which were between 82.61 and 93.48%. Meanwhile, the death rate (kD) of fecalcoliforms wasfaster than that of total coliforms. Therefore, the removal of total coliforms is the key to removingmicroorganisms fromwater. RF plasma treatment can be used for treatment of drinking water to decreasemicroorganisms.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".