Alterations in Expression and Function of Phosphodiesterases in Huntington’s Disease
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Cyclic AMP (cAMP, cyclic 3’, 5’-adenosine monophosphate) was first identified as a signalling molecule in 1958 (Rall & Sutherland, 1958), however it was not until 1962 that the enzyme responsible for hydrolysis of cAMP was identified and named phosphodiesterase (PDE; Butcher & Sutherland, 1962). Shortly afterwards, cyclic GMP (cGMP, cyclic 3’, 5’-guanosine monophosphate) was identified as another important second messenger that was hydrolyzed by PDE (Ashman et al., 1963). PDEs inactivate cAMP or cGMP by hydrolizing the 3’ cyclic phosphate bond of the cyclic nucleotide in question (Bender & Beavo 2006). Through molecular cloning and sequencing, it is now known that mammalian PDEs are encoded by 21 distinct genes (Bender & Beavo, 2006). These 21 genes encode protein isoforms of which variants can exist through the use of multiple transcription start sites and alternative mRNA splicing (Bender & Beavo, 2006). The 21 identified isoforms have been grouped into 11 families based on similarities in amino acid sequence, structure and function.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".