Factors affecting the spatial pattern of bedrock groundwater recharge at the hillslope scale
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract The spatial patterns of groundwater recharge on hillslopes with a thin soil mantle overlying bedrock are poorly known. Complex interactions between vertical percolation of water through the soil, permeability contrasts between soil and bedrock and lateral redistribution of water result in large spatial variability of water moving into the bedrock. Here, we combine new measurements of saturated hydraulic conductivity of soil mantle and bedrock of the well‐studied Panola Mountain experimental hillslope with previously collected (sub)surface topography and soil depth data to quantify the factors affecting the spatial pattern of bedrock groundwater recharge. We use geostatistical characteristics of the measured permeability to generate spatial fields of saturated hydraulic conductivity for the entire hillslope. We perform simulations with a new conceptual model with these random fields and evaluate the resulting spatial distribution of groundwater recharge during individual rainstorms and series of rainfall events. Our simulations show that unsaturated drainage from soil into bedrock is the prevailing recharge mechanism and accounts for 60% of annual groundwater recharge. Therefore, soil depth is a major control on the groundwater recharge pattern through available storage capacity and controlling the size of vertical flux. The other 40% of recharge occurs during storms that feature transient saturation at the soil‐bedrock interface. Under these conditions, locations that can sustain increased subsurface saturation because of their topographical characteristics or those with high bedrock permeability will act as hotspots of groundwater recharge when they receive lateral flow. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
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Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it