Bibliographic record
Abstract
Hamann (2003) identifies several articulatory properties of retroflexion, three of which correspond to distinctive features commonly employed in the literature: posteriority ([–anterior]), apicality ([–distributed]) and retraction ([+back]). I use phonological activity as a diagnostic to determine which of these features are phonologically distinctive for retroflex segments in Indo-Aryan languages. The evidence suggests that retroflex segments in these languages are distinctively apical ([–distributed]), and potentially retracted ([+back]) at a post-lexical level. There is no evidence for [–anterior] at any level of representation. In light of similar findings reported in Dravidian and Australian languages with larger coronal place inventories, I argue that this is not a case of contrastive (under) specification. Rather, I suggest that posteriority ([–anterior]) may be a universally redundant and non-essential property of retroflexion that is derived from the combination of apicality ([–distributed]) and retraction ([+back]). Some implications for models of coronal place features are briefly discussed.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".