A DC-100 GHz Active Frequency Doubler With a Low-Voltage Multiplier Core
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Cross-coupled differential pairs implement an even-order active frequency multiplier in 90 nm SiGe-BiCMOS. The multiplier core uses asymmetric biasing to realize an even-order transfer function. Wideband (WB) and narrowband doublers built around the active core are proposed, and their relative performance is compared from simulation. Measurement of a WB prototype consisting of the doubler, active load with feedback regulation of bias, and 50 Ω input and output buffers validates the circuit concepts. Conversion gain (CG) for the WB doubler peaks at low frequency (e.g., 12 dB at 10 GHz) and rolls off to 0 dB at 100 GHz. For 25 GHz output, significant spurs are: -25 dBc at 12.5 GHz (input tone) and -28 dBc at 50 GHz (4th harmonic). The 0.37 mm2WB testchip consumes 55.5 mA from a 4.5 V supply.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".