A DC-100 GHz Active Frequency Doubler With a Low-Voltage Multiplier Core
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
Cross-coupled differential pairs implement an even-order active frequency multiplier in 90 nm SiGe-BiCMOS. The multiplier core uses asymmetric biasing to realize an even-order transfer function. Wideband (WB) and narrowband doublers built around the active core are proposed, and their relative performance is compared from simulation. Measurement of a WB prototype consisting of the doubler, active load with feedback regulation of bias, and 50 Ω input and output buffers validates the circuit concepts. Conversion gain (CG) for the WB doubler peaks at low frequency (e.g., 12 dB at 10 GHz) and rolls off to 0 dB at 100 GHz. For 25 GHz output, significant spurs are: -25 dBc at 12.5 GHz (input tone) and -28 dBc at 50 GHz (4th harmonic). The 0.37 mm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> WB testchip consumes 55.5 mA from a 4.5 V supply.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it