Pharmacist-Managed Lipid Clinics: Development and Implementation in the Canadian Forces
Bibliographic record
Abstract
ABSTRACT Background and Objectives: Two previous studies performed at the authors’ facilities demonstrated gaps in dyslipidemia management, especially for patients at high and very high risk for cardiovascular disease. Because lipid clinics have been shown to improve attainment of treatment goals and adherence with drug therapy, pharmacist-based lipid clinics were incorporated into existing ambulatory care family medicine clinics. Methods: A pharmacist-managed protocol for a lipid clinic was developed on the basis of published literature and received formal approval from the Canadian Forces Pharmacy and Therapeutics Committee in January 2000. Pharmacists employed in Canadian Forces medical clinics were authorized to titrate dosages of lipid-lowering drugs, substitute drugs within a class of agents, order laboratory tests, provide lifestyle counselling, and refer patients to other health care professionals as required to attain or achieve lipid control. Initiation of a new medication, switch to a different drug class, or addition of a second lipidlowering agent required physician consultation and approval. Clinic appointments were made on the basis of referral from physicians, pharmacists, or the patients themselves. The lipid clinic protocol was applied differently at each of the 3 designated Canadian Forces medical clinics (in Ottawa, Halifax, and Victoria). The pharmacist was available in the family practice office one afternoon per week in Ottawa; the other 2 sites operated the lipid clinics from their pharmacies on a full-time basis. Results: Altogether, 144 patients were evaluated at least once by pharmacists employed at 1 of the 3 lipid clinics. Twenty-seven (19%) of the 144 patients were lost to follow-up. Of the remaining 117 patients, only 58 patients (50%) were meeting their goal for low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol at baseline, and only 39 patients (33%) met all target lipid levels as specified by the Canadian guidelines. At follow-up after pharmacist intervention and assessment, 94 (80%) of the 117 patients had achieved their LDL cholesterol goal, and 71 (61%) had met all target lipid goals. Only 24 (26%) of 93 pharmacists’ recommendations were directly related to drug therapy; the remainder were nonpharmacological recommendations. The primary care physicians accepted all recommendations. Conclusions: Pharmacist-based lipid clinics led to improved management of patients with dyslipidemia. RESUME Contexte et objectifs : Deux etudes anterieures menees aux etablissements des auteurs ont mis en evidence des lacunes dans la prise en charge des dyslipidemies, particulierement chez les patients dont le risque de maladie cardiovasculaire etait eleve et tres eleve. Comme on sait que les conseils sur les dyslipidemies contribuent a ameliorer l’atteinte des objectifs et la fidelite au traitement avec des medicaments, des seancesconseils sur les dyslipidemies coordonnees par les pharmaciens ont ete combinees aux cliniques de soins ambulatoires en medecine familiale. Methodes : Un protocole fonde sur la litterature et coordonne par les pharmaciens dans le cadre de seances-conseils sur les dyslipidemies, a ete elabore et a recu l’approbation officielle du Comite de pharmacie et de therapeutique des Forces canadiennes en janvier 2000. Les pharmaciens au service des cliniques medicales des Forces canadiennes ont ete autorises a doser les agents hypolipidemiants, a substituer un de ces agents par un autre d’un meme classe, a demander des epreuves de laboratoire, a prodiguer des conseils sur les habitudes de vie et a adresser les patients a d’autres professionnels de la sante, au besoin, en vue d’atteindre les taux lipidiques desires. L’instauration d’un nouveau traitement medicamenteux, le passage a une classe de medicaments differente ou l’ajout d’un second hypolipidemiant necessitait la consultation et l’approbation d’un medecin. Les patients etaient diriges par les medecins ou les pharmaciens vers les pharmaciens de ces centres pour des seances-conseils sur les dyslipidemies, ou encore ils se presentaient d’eux-memes. Le protocole etait mis en oeuvre de facon differente a chacune des trois cliniques medicales designees des forces canadiennes (Ottawa, Halifax et Victoria). Le pharmacien etait present au bureau de medecine familiale un apres-midi par semaine a Ottawa ; les deux autres sites donnaient des seances-conseils sur les dyslipidemies dans le cadre de leur pharmacie respective, a plein temps. Resultats : Au total, 144 patients ont ete evalues au moins une fois par les pharmaciens au cours des seances-conseils sur les dyslipidemies. De ce nombre, 27 (19 %) ont ete perdus de vue. Des 117 patients restants, seulement 58 (50 %) avaient atteint leur taux de cholesterol LDL (lipoproteines de basse densite) a la date de la visite de reference, et seulement 39 patients (33 %) ont atteint tous les taux de lipides cibles, conformement aux lignes directrices canadiennes. A la visite de suivi, apres l’intervention et l’evaluation des pharmaciens, 94 (80 %) des 117 patients avaient atteint leur taux de cholesterol LDL cible et 71 (61 %) avaient atteint leur taux lipidique cible. Seulement 24 (26 %) des 93 recommandations emises par les pharmaciens etaient directement liees au traitement medicamenteux ; les autres consistaient en des recommandations non pharmacologiques. Les medecins des soins primaires ont accepte toutes les recommandations. Conclusions : Les seances-conseils sur les dyslipidemies coordonnees par les pharmaciens ont contribue a ameliorer la gestion des dyslipidemies.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.016 | 0.016 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.005 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.003 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.004 | 0.002 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.004 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".