Hyperspectral portable beam transmissometer for the ultraviolet‐visible spectrum
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The spectral beam attenuation coefficient is an important optical property of natural water used to quantify light propagation and visibility in the aquatic media, and to study the concentration of the water constituents. Although beam attenuation in the ultraviolet spectral range may be particularly informative, to date, no transmissometer capable of measuring the beam attenuation in the ultraviolet is commercially available. The portable hyperspectral beam transmissometer developed in our lab is capable of measuring across a broad spectral range (300–750 nm) at 2 nm spectral resolution. The transmissometer exhibits a small acceptance angle (0.55 to 0.59° across the spectrum), a well collimated spectral light beam, and precision of ±0.012 m−1. The attenuation of diverse water samples measured with our transmissometer was found to be significantly similar to that measured with a commercially available transmissometer. Moreover, the attenuation of filtered samples, measured with our transmissometer, was significantly similar to their absorption, measured with a bench‐top spectrometer. Testing the transmissometer in the field, the transmission of water samples collected in Lake Malawi, Africa, was measured on site. The magnitude and spectral shape of attenuation were in general agreement with previous reports. All assessment stages confirm the performance, accuracy, and applicability of our transmissometer. The extended spectral range and high spectral resolution of our portable transmissometer make it an excellent tool for studying the characteristics and distribution of dissolved and particulate matter in aquatic media and exploring the constraints imposed on the visibility and visual communication of aquatic organisms known to have ultraviolet photosensitivity.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.011 | 0.003 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".