Smooth muscle nitric oxide synthase, co‐localized with caveolin‐1, modulates contraction in mouse small intestine
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) expressed in muscle cells modulates contraction in skeletal and cardiac muscle. In this study, we examine the possible function of nNOS in mouse small intestinal smooth muscle. We examined the tissue response to LNNA (NOS inhibitor) following activation of L‐type calcium channels by depolarization of intact small intestinal segments by KCl. Tissues from control mice responded with an increase in the contractile tone. However, tissues from caveolin‐1 knockout mice, which lacked the nNOS expressed in intestinal smooth muscle upon immunohistochemical examination, did not show a response to LNNA. Immunoprecipiation of caveolin‐1 pulled down nNOS indicating their interaction in smooth muscle membrane. Further, caveolae disruption by cholesterol depletion in control mice led to the loss of caveolin‐1 and nNOS immunoreactivity form smooth muscle membrane and the loss of the tissue response to LNNA. On the other hand, repletion of membrane cholesterol restored nNOS and caveolin‐1 immunoreactivity together with the increase in contractile tone following the treatment with LNNA. The involvement of L‐type calcium channels was examined using nicardipine which blocked the responses to KCl and LNNA. Increasing the intracellular calcium with a SERCA pump inhibitor did not have the same effect as KCl. Blocking soluble guanylate cyclase had the same effect of NOS inhibition while potassium channel blockers did not. We concluded that the activation of nNOS, localized in smooth muscle caveolae, by calcium entering through L‐type calcium channels triggers NO production which modulates the contraction by activation of soluble guanylate cyclase.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".