Beauveria bassiana and Elisa Determination of Neonicotinoids to Improve Management of Listronotus maculicollis
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The “annual bluegrass weevil” (Listronotus maculicollis) became resistant to synthetic pyrethroid insecticides (bifenthrin and cyhalothrin) in several adult weevil populations from Connecticut, Rhode Island, and Massachusetts in 2007-09, and management of this insect has become increasingly complex. Annual bluegrass weevil continues to be a serious pest of Poa annua L. (Poaceae) and bentgrasses (Agrostis spp) on many golf courses in mid-Atlantic and northeastern United States and eastern Canada. Adults chew notches on grass blades and at the juncture of leaves and stems. However, adult feeding has little effect on plant vitality. Early instars feed inside plant stems and late instars on plant crowns. The first generation larvae, which usually become apparent in late May or early June, typically cause the most severe damage. During July and August damage caused by second generation larvae is usually less extensive, especially if good control of the overwintering generation was obtained. In most cases, adequate control of the insect has been achieved through the use of pyrethroid applications targeting adult weevils as they emerge from overwintering sites and before they begin to lay eggs. However, if a population is resistant to pyrethroids, alternative controls are required to prevent damage. My research objectives were to evaluate the entomopathogenic fungus Beauveria bassiana for control of L. maculicollis and how neonicotinoid insecticides can best be used to manage this increasingly serious pest. While pyrethroids remain the preferred choice of many golf course superintendents for managing this species, resistance has forced some superintendents to incorporate other strategies. Some of the new strategies include: (1) the use of a pyrethroid or chlorpyrifos early against overwintering adults; (2) neonicotinoid/pyrethroid combinations (Aloft, Allectus) during peak adult emergence to control adults and first generation larvae; (3) primarily preventative larvicidal compounds (chlorantraniliprole (Acelepryn), neonicotinoids) for early instars; and (4) curative larvicidal compounds (trichlorfon (Dylox), spinosad (Conserve), indoxacarb (Provaunt), chlorpyrifos, pyrethroids) for control of fourth and fifth instars. Some locations may need to use one or more of these strategies to prevent turf damage and resistance development. It is imperative that the timing of treatments coincide with various life stages (adults, early or late instar larvae) to maximize chemical efficacy. This is particularly important for the systemic compounds (neonicotinoids/chlorantraniliprole) to insure there is sufficient chemical in the xylem for maximum effectiveness. If treatment strategies 1-3 are not effective, a curative larvicidal compound may need to be applied to prevent damage. Finally, since all subsequent
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".