Addition of morphine to local anesthetic infiltration does not improve analgesia after pediatric dental extractions
Bibliographic record
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Opioid receptors have been noted in the peripheral nerve endings of afferent neurons. Blockade of these receptors with peripherally administered opioids is believed to result in analgesia. METHODS: In a prospective, randomized, double-blind study, we studied the analgesic effects of adding a subsystemic dose of morphine to local anesthetic infiltration (lidocaine hydrochloride) during pediatric dental extractions. Forty-two subjects, aged 2-7 years of ASA physical status I-II, were randomized to receive submucous infiltration with either morphine 25 microg.kg(-1) in 2% lidocaine hydrochloride with 1 : 1 00 000 epinephrine (morphine group) or 2% lidocaine hydrochloride with 1 : 1 00 000 epinephrine (control group) at the end of surgery. RESULTS: There was no difference in postoperative analgesic requirements within the first 24 h. In-hospital acetaminophen consumption was 85% in the morphine group compared with 81% in the control group. CONCLUSION: We conclude that there is no benefit of adding a subsystemic analgesic dose of morphine to local anesthetics for analgesia after dental extractions in children.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".