Milk Pricing Problems and Solutions: An Essay on the Need for New State Level Milk Price Regulation in the Northeast, with Special Attention to Connecticut Substitute Bill No. 5642
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Before one can talk about solutions to the “milk pricing problem” one needs to identify its many dimensions and then target solutions to specific aspects of the problem. Is the problem one of supply outpacing demand on the national level? Is it the importation of milk components and products from other countries? Is it the importation of dairy replacement heifers from Canada? For the Northeast is it the loss of the class 1 fluid differential relative to the upper Midwest in the federal milk market orders? Does pooling of milk from distant producers on the Northeast market order lower Northeast farm –gate prices? Does depooling in other market orders, when manufacturing milk prices rapidly increase, disadvantage the Northeast? Is the problem an increasing imbalance of power between Northeast dairy farmers who bargain via their cooperatives with processors and retailers in milk marketing channels? Specifically, is it an increase in market pricing power by retailers that results in higher consumer prices and lower price premiums for farmers?
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.003 | 0.007 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.003 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.003 | 0.009 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.006 | 0.010 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Research integrity | 0.008 | 0.009 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.007 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".