Why this work is in the frame
A frame that forgets how it found something cannot be audited. These are the routes that admitted this work.
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The iron and steel sector consumes about 19% of global final energy use and accounts for a quarter of direct CO 2 emissions from industry and roughly 4.5% of global CO 2 emissions (WSA 2008a).Steel production is very energy intensive with 20% to 40% of the cost of steel production derived from energy expenses (WSA 2008a).On average every ton of primary steel produced in a blast furnace results in one-and-a-half to two tons of direct CO 2 emissions in OECD countries (ArcelorMittal 2008).The energy efficiency of steelmaking facilities differ greatly depending on production route, type of iron ore and coal used, the steel product mix, operation control technology, and material efficiency (WSA 2008b).The promise of large CO 2 emission reduction in the steel sector lies in two directions.One is to accelerate the penetration of currently available energy efficiency technologies.The other is to find breakthrough technologies.The best steel mills are now limited by the laws of thermodynamics in how much they can still improve their energy efficiency.For these plants, further large reductions in CO 2 emissions are not possible using current technologies.A portfolio of breakthrough technologies will therefore be required to meet the CO 2 emission standard called for by governments and international institutes (WSA 2008a).Many regional initiatives are being undertaken to identify technologies that hold the promise of large reductions in CO 2 emissions and to explore their feasibility at various scales from lab work, to pilot plant development, and eventually to commercial implementation.The central players include the EU Ultra-low CO 2 Steelmaking Project, 1 the American Iron and Steel Institute, the Canadian Steel Federation, ArcelorMittal Brazil, the Japanese Iron and Steel Federation, the Korean POSCO, China's Baosteel, and Australia's Bluescope (WSA 2008b).Among the portfolio of breakthrough technologies, the coal-based iron-making technologies associated with carbon capture and storage (CCS) technology are the most likely candidates for early maturity.Hydrogen and electrolysis are being explored by the European Union and the United States.Hydrogen could be used as a reducing agent, as its oxidation produces only water.Hydrogen-either pure, as a syngas produced by reforming methane, or as
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it