M31 Globular Clusters in the [ITAL]Hubble Space Telescope[/ITAL] Archive. II. Structural Parameters
Bibliographic record
Abstract
We analyze the structural parameters of the largest available sample of spatially resolved extragalactic globular clusters. The images of M31 GCs were found in a search of Hubble Space Telescope ( HST ) archival data, described in a companion paper. We measure the ellipticities and position angles of the clusters and conclude that the ellipticities are consistent with being caused by rotation. We find that most clusters' surface brightness distributions are well fitted by two-dimensional single-mass Michie-King models. A few clusters show possible power-law distributions characteristic of core collapse, but the spatial resolution is not high enough to make definitive claims. As has been found for other galaxies, the metal-rich clusters are slightly smaller than the metal-poor clusters. There are strong correlations between structural properties of M31 GCs, as for Milky Way clusters, and the two populations are located close to the same "fundamental plane" in parameter space.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.004 | 0.006 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.025 | 0.027 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".