Normothermic Acellular Ex Vivo Liver Perfusion (NEVLP) Reduces Liver and Bile Duct in DCD Liver Grafts
Bibliographic record
Abstract
To the Editor: We welcome the comments from Martins (1Martins PNA. Normothermic machine preservation as an approach to decrease biliary complications of DCD liver grafts.Am J Transplant. 2013; 13: 3287-3288Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (5) Google Scholar) and op den Dries et al (2op den Dries S Karimian N Weeder PD Porte RJ. Normothermic acellular machine perfusion and bile duct injury in pig livers retrieved after cardiac death.Am J Transplant. 2013; 13: 3289Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (8) Google Scholar) and the opportunity to further discuss our results. It is important to develop a large animal model that closely resembles ischemic type biliary stricture (ITBS) in donation after cardiac death (DCD) grafts. The studies by Brunner et al (3Brunner SM Junger H Ruemmele P et al.Bile duct damage after cold storage of deceased donor livers predicts biliary complications after liver transplantation.J Hepatol. 2013; 58: 1133-1139Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (77) Google Scholar) and Hansen et al (4Hansen T Hollemann D Pitton MB et al.Histological examination and evaluation of donor bile ducts received during orthotopic liver transplantation—A morphological clue to ischemic-type biliary lesion?.Virchows Archiv. 2012; 461: 41-48Crossref PubMed Scopus (84) Google Scholar) investigated common bile duct biopsies in humans after cold storage and reperfusion. In both studies, the biopsies were taken from the most distal part of the common bile duct, which is usually not used for the anastomosis. Common bile duct biopsies are susceptible to changes that are independent from ITBS in the setting of DCD organ retrieval. Distal common bile duct biopsies might include tissue that has been devascularized during organ retrieval, has been mechanically manipulated during portal dissection or bile duct catheterization. In addition, ITBS more often affects intrahepatic bile ducts than the extrahepatic biliary system and common bile duct biopsies might not be representative for ITBS. In our study, only intrahepatic bile ducts were used for histologic evaluation, which we believe better reflects the ITBS. In our study, bile flow was not a marker of bile function. Bilirubin concentration in the bile better reflected bile duct injury. It is possible that injured biliary mucosa secretes serum-like fluid, which falsely increases the bile volume. In addition, during ex vivo reperfusion, bile flow might be changed in all groups because of the lack of hormonal or neurogen stimulation, and nonphysiologic levels of bile precursors. Oxygen extraction during ex vivo perfusion was calculated using the oxygen content of the perfusate at the inflow and at the outflow, multiplied by the flow (reverse Fick method; VO2 = Q[CaO2 − CvO2]). We used Kelman’s equation (5Kelman GR. Digital computer subroutine for the conversion of oxygen tension into saturation.J Appl Physiol. 1966; 21: 1375-1376Crossref PubMed Scopus (386) Google Scholar) to calculate hemoglobin saturation of the blood perfusate at the corresponding PO2. Since pigs of comparable size were used in all groups, we did not present the data as per gram liver weight. The authors of this manuscript have no conflicts of interest to disclose as described by the American Journal of Transplantation.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.004 | 0.019 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Open science | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.006 | 0.007 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.006 | 0.003 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".