The Emergence of Carbon Sequestration: An Introduction and Annotated Bibliography of Legal Aspects of CCS
Bibliographic record
Abstract
U.N.T.S. 107 [hereinafter UNFCCC] (defining 'sink' as "any process or activity which removes a greenhouse gas, an aerosol or a precursor of a greenhouse gas from the atmosphere.").3. These issues are discussed at length in several papers included in the annotated bibliography that follows. PACE ENVIRONMENTAL LAW REVIEW[Vol. 29 scholarly articles, followed by an unannotated bibliography of significant governmental and non-governmental reports.4 Most of the articles included in this selected bibliography discuss the relevant technical processes and locations for sequestration or storage as part of their background information.Despite the limited number of specific laws, regulations, and policies directly related to CCS processes, CCS developers are assisted by decades of natural gas injection and storage experience in the oil and gas industry.Many of the authors draw parallels or provide examples for other industries from the petroleum sector.Several different types of sequestration in geological formations are currently underway.Each country concentrates on different methods based on their available formations.The use of plants or forests is often called biosequestration and is most developed in Australia.Storing carbon dioxide under the ocean's seabed is one type of biosequestration, referred to as ocean sequestration.Pilot projects using this technique have begun in Northern Europe, including in the United Kingdom.Ocean sequestration projects inject carbon dioxide into the deep seabed within saline aquifers or depleted oil and gas reserves from offshore drilling.A more recent and controversial method of ocean sequestration relates to ocean fertilization, where nutrients such as nitrogen or phosphorous stimulate phytoplankton growth to convert carbon dioxide into organic carbon.5 Some policymakers consider carbon dioxide to be a form of hazardous waste in the marine environment.Methods for carbon dioxide disposal are controversial.CCS ocean sequestration methods are considered under Law of the Sea provisions primarily enunciated in the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS).6 Marine sequestration is subject to a complex legal framework of local, national, regional, and international instruments.These 4. Reports were chosen based on citation patterns in the articles.5. Rosemary Rayfuse, Drowning our Sorrows to Secure a Carbon Free Future?Some International Legal Considerations Relating to Sequestering Carbon by Fertilising the Oceans, 31 U. N.S.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.003 | 0.007 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.011 | 0.020 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.004 | 0.008 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.007 | 0.011 |
| Open science | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Research integrity | 0.008 | 0.007 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.010 | 0.002 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".