Investigation of Sulfate Nanoparticulate Formation from a Catalyzed Diesel Particulate Filter on an Engine Fueled with ULSD and a Biodiesel Blend
Bibliographic record
Abstract
An off-road direct injection diesel engine equipped with a catalyzed diesel particulate filter (DPF) was subject to two sets of experiments in which two fuels, ultra low sulfur diesel (ULSD) and 20 vol. % biodiesel blend (B20) were compared. In the first set of experiments lubricant oil consumption was measured by sulfur tracing. In the second set of experiments nanoparticle formation downstream of the DPF was assessed. It was found that number concentration of nanoparticles released from the catalyzed DPF depends on fuel type and on engine operating condition and hence the onset of filter regeneration. For low soot loading times B20 fueling produces lower number concentrations, whereas longer soot loading times produce lower number concentrations with ULSD fueling.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".