Perceptual Reality in News Reporting “the World Cup”: a Perspective from the Spiral of Silence
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Perceptual difference tells us that people experience the same thing and perceive it differently. The spiral of silence theory proposes the powerful media influences people’s decision whether to express their opinions by providing the dominant opinion. Language determines perception, and perception affects language use。So the dominant opinion expressed by the news reports must reflect the reporters’ perception. The thesis collected 323 news reports on the World Cup as data, and categorized them into seven types: on ended matches, teams, individuals, fans, refereeing, FIFA, and others. The author tried to find out how reporters’ perception affected the report selection by mainly analyzed the reports on the winner and the loser, and concluded how the reporters’ perception affected language use by analyzing the language in the reports from structural and semantic aspects separately. The findings of the research proved that the reporters’ perception affected the formation of the dominant opinion the spiral of silence by reports selection and language use. And the reality processed by reporters’ perception and expressed in the form of news report has been different from the reality itself. This study has some significance on both how to interpret newspaper English and how to apply language making use of perception to strengthen effect of mass media. Key Words: Perception, The spiral of silence, The dominant opinion Resume: La difference perceptible nous dit que les gens qui ont les meme experiences percoivent les choses de facon differente . La theorie de la Spirale de Silence demontre que les mass media puissants exercent une influence importante sur la decision des gens : s’ils doivent exprimer leurs opinions en offrant l’opinion dominante. La langue determine la perception , et la perception affecte l’usage de la langue . Donc , l’idee dominante exprimee par les reportages des nouvelles refletent necessairement la perceptions des reporters . Cette these a recueilli 323 reportages des nouvelles sur la Coupe du monde comme document , et les a classees en sept categories : matchs finis , groupes , individus , fanatiques , arbitres , FIFA etc . L’auteur s’efforce de degager comment la perception des reporters affecte la selection des reportages a travers l’analyse des reportages sur le gagnant et le perdant , pour enfin conclure comment la perception des reporters affecte l’usage de la langue en faisant l’analyse sur la langue dans les reportages du point de vue structural et semantique . Les resultats de recherche prouvent que la perception des reporters affecte la formation des opinions dominantes—la Spirale de Silence par la selection des reportages et l’usage de la langue Et la realite transformee par la perception des reporters et exprimee sous forme de reportage des nouvelles est differente que la realite elle-meme . Ce texte est significatif non seulement pour l’interpretation des journaux anglais mais aussi pour la pratique de la langue , tout en utilisant la perception pour renforcer l’influence des mass media . Mots-cles: perception, la Spirale de Silence, l’opinion dominante
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.008 | 0.022 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.005 | 0.003 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.004 | 0.022 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.015 | 0.015 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.005 |
| Research integrity | 0.002 | 0.004 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".