Openness: The Central Issue in Telecom Policy Reform and ICT Development
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Central to almost all issues of policy and regulation relating to telecom reform, ICT convergence, and Internet development over the last quarter century has been the extent to which a formerly monopolized and closed telecom network will be opened to the participation of those previously excluded. The extent of openness and the terms of participation in the telecom reform process have been critical to the successful implementation of virtually all reform policies. It is often assumed that the policy path is a continuous evolution toward more openness and participation, as old barriers are knocked down by new policies. But this has not been the case, as policy reform sometimes stalls and even retrenches on some policy issues, and as experience has varied among regions and countries. This short essay provides a general reassessment of basic trends toward openness in telecom reform policies based on experience and future opportunities.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.014 | 0.024 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.003 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.006 | 0.037 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.016 | 0.018 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.009 |
| Research integrity | 0.007 | 0.009 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".