LES REGROUPEMENTS MUNICIPAUX AU QUÉBEC ET LEUR INCIDENCE SUR LA MASSE SALARIALE DES MUNICIPALITÉS: 1992-2000
Bibliographic record
Abstract
This study estimates the impact of the municipal groupings between 1992 and 2000 upon municipalities's wage bill in Quebec. Our identification strategy is based on a wage bill reduced form model and the specification of the grouping participation process. The three following methods are used in order to estimate the impact and validate the robustness of the results : fixed effect model, difference in differences estimator with matching on the propensity score and Heckman's treatment parameters estimation method based on sample selection model. The first two estimators were used in a recent study concerning the effects of the groupings upon the fiscal burden and the monetary value of residential properties. Only the smallest municipalities (cantons and parishes) regrouped between 1998 and 2000 had their wage bill increased by 25, 0% to 33, 0%. Before 1998, the groupings had no incidence on the wage bill of these municipalities and can have reduced that of the cities and the villages. An additional analysis indicates that impacts were significantly important in certain subgroups of regrouped municipalities. About quarter of municipalities regrouped between 1992 and 2000 benefited from a 17, 4% average reduction of their wage bill. On the other hand, a 21, 0% increase has been observed for an identical proportion of municipalities. Résumé Cette étude vise à estimer l'impact des regroupements municipaux survenus entre 1992 et 2000 sur la masse salariale des municipalités au Québec. Nous appuyons notre démarche empirique sur un modèle économique général de détermination de la masse salariale et du processus de participation à un regroupement. L'approche méthodologique exploite les modèles à effet fixe, l’estimateur différence de différences par la méthode d’appariement sur les scores de propension et la méthode d'Heckman en coupe transversale. Les deux premiers estimateurs ont été utilisés dans une étude récente qui évaluait les effets des regroupements sur le fardeau fiscal et la valeur marchande des propriétés résidentielles. Seuls les cantons, les paroisses ainsi que les municipalités sans désignation regroupés entre 1998 et 2000 ont été touchés par des hausses approximatives de 25, 0 % à 33, 0 % de leur masse salariale par habitant. Avant 1998, les regroupements ont été sans incidence sur la masse salariale de ces municipalités et peuvent avoir réduit celle des villes et des villages. Une analyse complémentaire indique que les impacts ont été significativement importants dans certains sous-groupes de municipalités regroupées. Environ le quart des municipalités regroupées entre 1992 et 2000 ont bénéficié d'une réduction moyenne de 17, 4 % de leur masse salariale par habitant. En revanche, une proportion identique a connu des augmentations de 21, 0 %.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.003 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".