Co-encapsulation of a Drug with a Protein in Erythrocytes for Improved Drug Loading and Release: Phenytoin and Bovine Serum Albumin (BSA)
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to use a novel protein co-encapsulation method to prepare phenytoin-loaded human erythrocytes with improved loading parameters and release profiles. Carrier erythrocytes were prepared using the hypotonic pre-swelling method. A series of in vitro characterization tests were carried out on the carrier cells, including loading parameters, drug and hemoglobin release, hematological indices, particle size analysis, osmotic fragility, turbulence fragility, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Co-encapsulation with bovine serum albumin (BSA) resulted in about 8-times higher drug loading in erythrocytes, with biphasic release trend instead of triphasic in the case of drug alone loading. In comparison to the normal unloaded cells, MCH and MCHC indices were decreased in the case of both drug and drug/protein loading, apparent cell sizes were unchanged, cell shapes were changed to spherical rather than biconcave discoid, and the osmotic as well as turbulence fragilities were higher in the case of drug/protein but were unchanged in the case of drug alone loading. The most profound finding of this study was the possibility of achieving remarkably higher drug loading and more controllable drug release profile in the case of drug/protein loading, with no unwanted in vitro characteristics change.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".