Orogeniczne żyłowe złoża złota i ich rozsypiska a największe światowe gorączki złota w drugiej połowie XIX wieku w Ameryce i Australii
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Orogenic lode gold deposits and placers and the world’s largest Gold Rushes in the second half of 19 th century in America and Australia. A b s t r a c t . The paper presents geological, ore-mineralogical and economic characteristics of the goldfields in the Western USA (California and Yukon) and Australia (Bendigo-Ballart and Kalgoorlie regions). Moreover, common geological features of these areas, which were the place of modern Gold Rushes from the second half of 19 th c. to the beginning of 20 th c. are also described. Thanks to discovery of gold, these inhabited areas became the land of promise for millions of people and gold production contributed to economy of the fast growing nations. The first period of Gold Rushes began in California (USA) and Bendigo-Ballart region in Victoria (Australia) in 1848 and 1851, respectively. Placer gold was discovered first in Cenozoic alluvial sediments and subsequently in auriferous quartz lodes, which were the source of detrital gold. The detrital sediments appeared extremely rich in gold nuggets. The biggest nuggets, ca. 65.2 and 24.5 kg in weight, have been found in Bendigo and California, respectively. Placer gold production during the Gold Rush in California from 1848 to 1864 is estimated at ca. 1300 Mg Au. Since 1850, prospectors begun to discover numerous gold-bearing quartz veins (Mother Lode system) along the Sierra Nevada in California. These auriferous lodes gave over 1100 Mg of gold. In Bendigo-Ballart goldfields about 480 Mg of gold was extracted from placers and 260 Mg gold – from from auriferous quartz veins in the years 1851–1861. The second period of modern Gold Rushes took place again in America (Yukon) in 1896 and in the Western Australia (Kalgoorlie) in 1893. In Yukon, gold was mainly extracted from Cenozoic river’s gravels (> 311 Mg) and in Kargoorlie—mainly from auriferous quartz-carbonate lodes. Some of goldfields with auriferous lodes discovered in 19 th c. are still in production. Best example is here the Kargoorlie deposit that became recently the 3 rd largest world producer of gold (> 1600 Mg Au). Gold production from lodes in California, Bendigo-Ballart and Kalgoorlie is roughly estimated at > 4000 Mg. Gold-bearing lodes formed as results of migration of fluids of various origin and gold precipitation in the upper crust within post-collisional tectonic settings. These lodes belong to orogenic type of gold deposits hosted by greenstone schist belts in metamorphic terranes of various age. Primary gold is bound mostly by auriferous sulphides—arsenopyrite and pyrite and as native gold which infills fractures in quartz and breccias. In California, Yukon and Victoria, rich placers were formed in the Cenozoic during exhumation of metamorphic terranes hosting auriferous gold lodes.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.003 | 0.003 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.002 | 0.003 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.004 | 0.003 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.002 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.013 | 0.003 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".